This subject explores Europe’s political, intellectual, economic, and cultural transformation from the end of the Thirty Years’ War through the modern era. Topics include absolutism, revolutions, imperialism, global war, totalitarianism, and contemporary European developments.

• Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648–1715
• Competition for Empire and Economic Expansion
• The Scientific View of the World
• Period of Enlightenment
• Revolution and Napoleonic Europe
• The Industrial Revolution
• Political and Cultural Developments, 1815–1848
• Politics and Diplomacy in the Age of Nationalism, 1850–1914
• Economy, Culture, and Imperialism, 1850–1914
• The First World War and the Russian Revolution
• Europe Between the Wars
• The Second World War and Contemporary Europe