Overview

Programming logic is the systematic sequence of instructions that solves a problem. Whether using Python, SQL, or Java, developers rely on core constructs—variables, conditionals, loops, and functions—to create maintainable code. This topic covers structured and object‑oriented approaches, algorithm design, and common debugging practices.

Key Concepts and Constructs

• Data Types: Integer, float, Boolean, string, date/time, NULL.
• Operators: Arithmetic (+ - * / %), relational (< > ==), logical (AND OR NOT).
• Control Structures: Sequence, selection (if/else), iteration (for/while loops).
• Functions & Procedures: Reusable code blocks with parameters and return values.
• Algorithm Design: Pseudocode, flowcharts, Big‑O complexity basics.
• Methodologies: Structured (top‑down), object‑oriented (classes, inheritance, polymorphism), and event‑driven paradigms.
• SQL Fundamentals: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, joins, and Boolean filtering.
• Debugging & Testing: Breakpoints, unit tests, integration tests, version control (Git).

Step-by-Step Example

Problem: Write pseudocode to calculate the average test score from an array and print whether each student passed (≥ 70) or failed.

START
  scores ← [85, 72, 68, 90, 77]
  total ← 0
  FOR each score IN scores DO
      total ← total + score
      IF score >= 70 THEN
          PRINT "Pass: " + score
      ELSE
          PRINT "Fail: " + score
      ENDIF
  ENDFOR
  average ← total / length(scores)
  PRINT "Class Average = " + average
END
      

Explanation:

• Sequence – variable initialization
• Iteration – FOR loop over the array
• Selection – IF statement for pass/fail logic
• Computation – total accumulation and average calculation

Answer: The algorithm outputs individual results and the class average in O(n) time.

Quick Tip