Overview

Biological development refers to the physical and physiological changes that occur across the human life span—from conception to aging. These changes are influenced by genetics, hormones, nutrition, health conditions, and environmental exposures. Understanding biological development is foundational to understanding overall human development.

Key Themes and Concepts

• Prenatal Development: Influenced by genetics, maternal health, and environmental exposures. Teratogens like alcohol and drugs can result in birth defects or developmental delays.
• Genetics and Heredity: Genes determine inherited traits. Genetic testing and counseling help identify risks for disorders like cystic fibrosis or Down syndrome.
• Brain and Nervous System Development: Rapid neural growth occurs in early life. Myelination and synaptic pruning shape cognitive and motor development. Neuroplasticity plays a role across the lifespan.
• Hormonal Influences: Hormones regulate puberty, reproduction, mood, and metabolism. Endocrine changes drive physical growth and maturation.
• Motor Development: Gross and fine motor skills develop in predictable sequences, influenced by genetics, nutrition, and environment.
• Nutrition and Physical Health: Malnutrition can impair cognitive and physical growth. Adequate nutrition supports immune function and brain development.
• Sexual Maturation: Puberty involves hormonal changes that lead to reproductive maturity. Timing varies and can affect self-esteem and peer relationships.
• Aging and Physical Decline: Aging includes changes in mobility, strength, sensory function, and chronic health risks. Lifespan extension raises new developmental questions about wellness and care.

Quick Tip

Know the impact of teratogens, the sequence of motor development, and the role of genetics and hormones in physical growth. CLEP questions may test prenatal stages, puberty, and brain changes in aging.