Overview

Federalism is the constitutional division of power between national and state governments. It allows each level to exercise authority while maintaining a framework of cooperation and conflict. Understanding federalism is critical to analyzing U.S. policy debates, court decisions, and the evolving nature of American governance.

Key Themes and Events

• Constitutional Foundation: The U.S. Constitution outlines federalism by enumerating national powers (Article I, Section 8), reserving powers to the states (Tenth Amendment), and establishing the Supremacy Clause (Article VI).
• Dual Federalism (Layer Cake Model): From the founding through the early 20th century, national and state governments operated separately in clearly defined spheres of authority.
• Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake Model): Emerged during the New Deal era, with increased collaboration between federal and state governments in areas like infrastructure, education, and welfare.
• Grants-in-Aid: Tools of federal influence including categorical grants (strict purpose), block grants (broad discretion), and unfunded mandates. These shape state behavior and funding priorities.
• Key Cases: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) upheld federal supremacy and the use of implied powers; Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) broadened the scope of the Commerce Clause.
• Contemporary Debates: Federalism plays a role in current issues such as marijuana legalization, immigration enforcement, healthcare, and education standards—highlighting tensions between state autonomy and federal oversight.

Quick Tip

Know the difference between dual and cooperative federalism, and be ready to cite real-world examples or Supreme Court decisions that illustrate the balance—or tension—between national and state power.