Overview

Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government, responsible for making laws, overseeing the executive, and representing the interests of the people. Understanding its structure, powers, and the lawmaking process is central to grasping how American democracy functions in practice.

Key Themes and Events

• Bicameral Structure: Congress consists of the House of Representatives (based on population) and the Senate (equal representation from each state). This system was created by the Great Compromise to balance large and small state interests.
• Enumerated and Implied Powers: Article I, Section 8 lists Congress’s explicit powers, such as taxation, declaring war, and regulating commerce. The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress to enact laws to carry out those powers.
• Legislative Process: A bill is introduced, reviewed in committees, debated, voted on in both chambers, and sent to the President. Vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in each chamber.
• Leadership and Committees: The Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader shape legislative priorities. Standing committees, such as Armed Services or Judiciary, handle detailed bill analysis and oversight.
• Oversight Function: Congress monitors executive agencies through hearings, investigations, and budget control. This function ensures checks and balances across branches.
• Budget and Appropriations: Congress controls federal spending through budget resolutions and appropriations bills, giving it leverage over policy implementation.

Quick Tip

Be able to trace the legislative process from bill introduction to presidential action. Know the differences between House and Senate procedures, and remember key powers like oversight, appropriation, and impeachment.